Union Of Plumbers, Fitters, and Welders

Monthly Archives: May 2011

Considerable Technical Characteristics of The Water Part 02

THE LIMESTONE

The water that flows in groundwater comes into contact with layers of minerals such as calcium and magnesium, which form the so-called limestone. Since the amount of lime in the soil varies from area to area, there are waters with a lower or higher content of lime.

Limestone is the chief of the deposits that form in pipes and equipment in flowing water, especially heated. The calcareous deposits that can be seen on the bottom of the pots are the result of the subsequent deposition of salts after evaporation of water.

The phenomenon is more frequent and intense, the higher the water hardness. The waters are rich in calcium, the effects of temperature, causing a progressive accumulation of calcium carbonates which are deposited on the contact surfaces. This phenomenon results in a significant loss: in fact we are often forced to pay large sums of money to repair the plumbing and appliances.

The accumulation of limestone also forces us to consume more energy for heating is thought that an appliance “attacked” by the lime consumption 30% more energy and suffer premature aging. Another problem related to excessive levels of calcium and magnesium in the water is to prevent the action of soaps and detergents, causing excessive consumption and inefficiency. In particular for the proper cleaning of the skin.

Therefore it is useless to buy expensive soaps, cleansers and creams if good then the water is not suitable for a good cleaning: as a result we will have more to pollute the environment and unnecessarily abusing our skin.

Cleans

For removal of lime water from the plant house must be installed immediately after the meter, an effective softener. Those chemicals have the shape of a barrel lid off and contain a series of filters through which water flows: in step reactions take place which make deposit of hardness salts.

Periodically, according to the manufacturer’s instructions, you open the barrel and replace the filters. These devices are present in almost all plants of espresso coffee machines. There are also other types of water softeners, with different physical principles of operation. Please note: given the relatively high costs, you should consult a specialist to see serious benefits, duration and cost of maintenance. The small devices to be grafted on the taps are not effective and in fact are never offered by the best-known companies.

REDUCE CONSUMPTION

Reduce consumption of water is an increasingly felt, not only from an economic point of view but also from the point of view of environmental protection.

Do not forget to open the taps.

Put a breakwater to the taps in order to enrich the air jet of water, this allows a family of three savings of up to 6000 gallons of water per year.

Take a shower instead of bath tub. This saves 1200 gallons of water per year.

Please adjust quickly to the internal system losses. A faucet that drips at the rate of 90 drops per minute wastes 2000 gallons of water per year.

Do not use too many chemicals to clean the house. Enough water to disinfect and polish ‘and some’ of vinegar or baking soda.

To resolve the problem without using chemical additives of calcium, highly polluting, install anti-ecological systems and bactericides water in physical functioning electromagnetic, which do not alter the composition of water and allow more savings in energy consumption and lower maintenance household appliances.

Do not use your toilet as a dump for toxic substances (paints, lacquers, chemicals, cigarettes, solvents), thus reducing the functionality of the sewerage system.

Water the garden with rainwater collected earlier and flowers and potted plants with water already used for washing vegetables and fruit in this way can be recovered 6000 liters of water per year.

Run the washing machine or dishwasher with full load, so you get a savings of 10,000 gallons of water per year per family.

Wash dishes immediately after meals, remove the coarse dirt, pour the pasta into the pan is still hot without dirtying another bowl.

Use the water from the pasta to wash your dishes, this water has a strong degreasing power and allows you to save on both water and detergent.

Close the tap while brushing their teeth, this saves up to 4500 liters per year for a family of three people.

Use for toilet discharge system on tap or hand crank instead of the flush, every family saves about 25,000 gallons per year

Considerable Technical Characteristics of The Water Part 01

On our planet there are 1.5 billion km3 of water, of which 97% is salt water (oceans and seas). Only the remaining 3% fresh water, concentrated in glaciers and underground aquifers.

How much water do we consume?

II is 73% of water used to irrigate the fields, 21% for the food industry and 6% for domestic needs. In our country, the consumption is about 80 cubic meters per person per year, equivalent to 220 liters per day.

Of the 220 gallons of water used daily by every person, only a few are used for food: they are in fact only had 3 liters, while the others are used from time to time for the discharge of toilets (10 gallons each time we download ), for sinks, washing machines, dishwashers and for baths.

The hardness of the water

The most common unit of measure is the degree of water hardness French (F °). 1 F ° is equivalent to 10 milligrams of calcium carbonate per liter of water.

Our normal drinking water, on average, the hardness values ??between 15 and 25 French degrees. In the past, for “hardness” is meant the ability of water to precipitate soap. According to the present Convention refers to the hardness of the water content of salts, especially calcium bicarbonate, magnesium bicarbonate, and calcium sulfate.

Bicarbonates of calcium and magnesium at room temperature, but dissolve in water, high temperatures, causing precipitate deposits. This explains the white you see in the bottom of the pots. The hardness due to calcium and magnesium salts of these is called temporary, because it is eliminated by boiling.

The hardness caused instead by other salts, eliminated only through the processes of softening with special filters, they say permanent. The sum of these two elements is the total hardness.

A little note on the presence of calcium in the water: it is true that the calcium content in drinking water used for cooking can cause damage because it causes kidney stones: indeed, usually do not get enough calcium, so much so that the researchers this as one of the few minerals that are worth integrating with 0.5 grams a day, especially for the prevention of osteoporosis.

Ten liters of normal water supply half a gram of calcium.

Career Information : Nature of the Work

Welding is the most common way of permanently joining metal parts. In this process, heat is applied to metal pieces, melting and fusing them to form a permanent bond. Because of its strength, welding is used in shipbuilding, automobile manufacturing and repair, aerospace applications, and thousands of other manufacturing activities. Welding also is used to join beams when constructing buildings, bridges, and other structures, and to join pipes in pipelines, power plants, and refineries.

Welders use many types of welding equipment set up in a variety of positions, such as flat, vertical, horizontal, and overhead. They may perform manual welding, in which the work is entirely controlled by the welder, or semiautomatic welding, in which the welder uses machinery, such as a wire feeder, to perform welding tasks.

There are about 100 different types of welding. Arc welding is the most common type. Standard arc welding involves two large metal alligator clips that carry a strong electrical current. One clip is attached to any part of the workpiece being welded. The second clip is connected to a thin welding rod. When the rod touches the workpiece, a powerful electrical circuit is created. The massive heat created by the electrical current causes both the workpiece and the steel core of the rod to melt together, cooling quickly to form a solid bond. During welding, the flux that surrounds the rod’s core vaporizes, forming an inert gas that serves to protect the weld from atmospheric elements that might weaken it. Welding speed is important. Variations in speed can change the amount of flux applied, weakening the weld, or weakening the surrounding metal by increasing heat exposure.

Two common but advanced types of arc welding are Tungsten Inert Gas (TIG) and Metal Inert Gas (MIG) welding. TIG welding often is used with stainless steel or aluminum. While TIG uses welding rods, MIG uses a spool of continuously fed wire, which allows the welder to join longer stretches of metal without stopping to replace the rod. In TIG welding, the welder holds the welding rod in one hand and an electric torch in the other hand. The torch is used to simultaneously melt the rod and the workpiece. In MIG welding, the welder holds the wire feeder, which functions like the alligator clip in arc welding. Instead of using gas flux surrounding the rod, TIG and MIG protect the initial weld from the environment by blowing inert gas onto the weld.

Like arc welding, soldering and brazing use molten metal to join two pieces of metal. However, the metal added during the process has a melting point lower than that of the workpiece, so only the added metal is melted, not the workpiece. Soldering uses metals with a melting point below 800 degrees Fahrenheit; brazing uses metals with a higher melting point. Because soldering and brazing do not melt the workpiece, these processes normally do not create the distortions or weaknesses in the workpiece that can occur with welding. Soldering commonly is used to join electrical, electronic, and other small metal parts. Brazing produces a stronger joint than does soldering, and often is used to join metals other than steel, such as brass. Brazing can also be used to apply coatings to parts to reduce wear and protect against corrosion.

Skilled welding, soldering, and brazing workers generally plan work from drawings or specifications or use their knowledge of fluxes and base metals to analyze the parts to be joined. These workers then select and set up welding equipment, execute the planned welds, and examine welds to ensure that they meet standards or specifications. They are even examining the weld while they’re welding. By observing problems with the weld, they compensate by adjusting the speed, voltage, amperage, or feed of the rod. Highly skilled welders often are trained to work with a wide variety of materials in addition to steel, such as titanium, aluminum, or plastics. Some welders have more limited duties, however. They perform routine jobs that already have been planned and laid out and do not require extensive knowledge of welding techniques.

Automated welding is used in an increasing number of production processes. In these instances, a machine or robot performs the welding tasks while monitored by a welding machine operator. Welding, soldering, and brazing machine setters, operators, and tenders follow specified layouts, work orders, or blueprints. Operators must load parts correctly and constantly monitor the machine to ensure that it produces the desired bond.

The work of arc, plasma, and oxy-gas cutters is closely related to that of welders. However, instead of joining metals, cutters use the heat from an electric arc, a stream of ionized gas (plasma), or burning gases to cut and trim metal objects to specific dimensions. Cutters also dismantle large objects, such as ships, railroad cars, automobiles, buildings, or aircraft. Some operate and monitor cutting machines similar to those used by welding machine operators. Plasma cutting has been increasing in popularity because, unlike other methods, it can cut a wide variety of metals, including stainless steel, aluminum, and titanium.